AGROSONICS May produce Beneficial Sonotropic Results Similar to Photosynthesis, Light & Biological Mechanisms
Table of Contents
AGROSONICS May produce Beneficial Sonotropic Results Similar to Photosynthesis, Light & Biological Mechanisms 1
Table of Contents 1
Light Frequencies and Growing: 4
Red LED Devices 5
Green LED Devices 5
White LED Devices 5
Combinations of Sound and Light Therapy For Grows: 6
Red and Near Infrared Light Therapy 7
Benefits of Photobiomodulation 8
Red Light and Vegetative Growth 9
Anti-Aging – Plant Cells vs Human Cells; Correlations Are Not Trivial 15
Reducing Stress and Reduce the Incidence of Hermaphroditism 15
AGROSONICS, Red Light and Flowering 16
In Conclusion 16
Other References 18
Supplemental References 20
Abstract
In the past several years, a number of scientific papers have confirmed that sound has an unprecedented influence on the growth, germination, pest and pathogen mitigation, effects on harvest and ripeness, frost and freeze moderation, among other important factors. There have also been numerous other more in-depth studies that specifically examine increases in number and size of stomata, vascular structures in leaves, stems and root mass. Unfortunately, we are unaware of any studies that have effectively determined the actual structures and mechanisms in the cell or processes that cause these effects, other than our own hypothesis concerning the Mitochondria being the top-driving mechanism. In this paper we propose experiments to observe, using tools from our AGROBLOOM instruments, these structures and mechanisms. Other studies have examined the profound effect sound waves have on crop size, health and yield, including, in particular, AGROSONICS. In this white-paper we examine clinical studies of both human and plant cells in the Light frequencies associated with 650 nm that have been shown significant and having positive impacts on both human and plant cells. The overall process of photosynthesis is more than previously imagined. This paper suggests that desirable effects of certain light frequencies, especially red and infrared spectrums, are highly correlatable to sound frequencies associated with AGROSONICS. It is Hypothesized the effects of sound on cells are using the same drivers and mechanisms associated with light. Further that acoustic frequencies may produce equal and even and more profound quantitative and qualitative results than light frequencies alone. It has been reported that AGROSONICS may produce observable Sonotropic behavior – Plants growing toward sound and even growing toward sound in preference to light. This will require further study and peer review. Prior studies and reports on versions of AGROSONICS prior to 2018 suggest that AGROSONICS results include:
Significant increases in yield, sometimes as high as 100% or more
Reduction in the need for water, often by as much as 80%, but with plants with higher hydration levels than control.
Quantitative and Qualitatively stronger, healthier plants with measurably better vascular/metabolic functionality, some wine grape varieties with recordings of 26 ½ inches in circumference at base in 5 seasons; 500% increase over controls with an average of only of 3 ½ to 5 inches of base corban.
Increased number and size of leaves with surface areas ad thickness often increased by 100% or more; Avocado leaves consistently more than 12 inches long and 6 inches wide with double to triple thickness compared with controls of 4 to 6 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide.
Increased number of stomata over controls appear to correlate to better plant metabolism
Increase in Number of Flowers, including the consistent observation of “Super-Cluster” Behavior, where two, three or more flower / fruit are observed on a single bud/stem over controls;
Larger Flowers, for example 20% increase in Sunflower heads corresponding to 100% increase in sunflower oil production.
Earlier germinations with increased percentage of germinations of seeds vs controls
Swifter immunological responses to stress and infection
Often Plants bending toward the AGROSONICS Sound emitters and demonstrating Sonotropic behavior
New versions of AGROSONICS in 2020 feature programable frequencies, and other proprietary benefits. The evaluation of AGROSONICS devices that incorporate these new features require studies performed with stringent protocols, with independent controls, peer reviews and repeatable experiments to properly evaluate the qualitative and quantitative data. Even without controlled studies, early reported results are more than highly interesting, they are profound and represent a pattern that should be monetized to great advantage.
All early indications point to the fact that the circumference of plant stems are thicker and that vascular networks of certain plants, including cannabis and hemp, appear more developed with AGROSONICS than without. Over the past year, use of AGROSONICS on cannabis, hemp, sunflower, taro and other grows suggest that the plants exposed to AGROSONICS are stronger and thus able to defend against attacks by pests and intrusions by other plants and animals.
Further study is needed to determine if the oils, fruit, flowers from AGROSONICS are not only higher in concentration of valuable materials, but also if human and animal consumption might produce better or result in enhanced phyto-nutrient absorption and even significantly improved bio-availabilities. Moreover, it appears that there is a high correlation, even at this early stage, greater than statistical chance, that the light frequencies associated with 650 nm that have been shown significant and having positive impacts on both human and plant cells may be superior with AGROSONICS.
It is submitted for further study and review that AGROSONICS may reduce inflammations associated with clones, graft, and cuttings. The reduction of stress and increases in cellular vascular fluid flow and carbon / oxygen exchanges appears to translate into increased plant vitality, optimized and more efficient cellular metabolic functions, and less stress. For cannabis and hemp, that suggests a method worthy for decreasing hermaphroditism. For all agriculture AGROSONICS offers a promise that must explored for higher yields, using less energy, with less water, with fewer resources, without pesticides to feed and produce more for humanity.
All Light Is Not Created Equal:
Light emitting diodes “LEDs” are electrical components used in a variety of applications to create light, or its beneficial electromagnetic radiation, by a process known as electroluminescence. The LED's color depends on its frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic frequencies of light emitting diodes range from under 400 terahertz to over 600 terahertz, corresponding from red / infrared ranges of the light spectrum to blue / ultraviolet light, respectively.
Alternatively, the “analog” equivalent to LEDs is often high pressure sodium vapor lighting, “HPSV.” Sodium lighting is currently being used for indoor growing. Sodium based lighting is especially popular right now for hemp and cannabis. Ironically these kinds of HPSV lights are often called “grow” lights.
We say ironically, because these Sodium vapor lights operate at frequencies that actually have little or no 650 nm red and infrared frequencies that we maintain are required for balanced growth.
Sodium spectrum lighting is actually incredibly energy inefficient and actually retards accelerated growth, especially for young sprouts and for plants at the important mature flower stages. For this and other important reasons, we maintain that sodium based spectrum lighting can hardly be called “grow” lights in any sense of the word.
Light Frequencies and Growing:
Countless studies have shown that different wavelengths will affect growth parameters and performance in different ways. By optimizing the type and duration of light it’s possible to vastly improve harvest quality and quantities as well as mitigate inflammation, slow aging, and provide more vital energy to grows.
Red LED Devices
Red LED devices produce light at a wavelength of approximately 650 nanometers (nm). The following equation is useful to find the frequency of a LED device:
Frequency = speed of light ÷ wavelength = (3 x 10^8) ÷ (633 x 10^-9)
Carrying out this calculation leads to a frequency of 474 terahertz (THz), which places it in the red region of the visible electromagnetic spectrum. At the University of Illinois, Professor Nick Holonyak developed the first practical red LED devices in 1962. Red LEDs use the material indium gallium aluminum phosphide
Green LED Devices
In 2010, research scientists working at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory developed the first green LEDs. These devices operate at a wavelength of approximately 560 nm and have a frequency defined as follows:
Frequency = speed of light ÷ wavelength = (3 x 10^8 ) ÷ (560 x 10^-9)
Carrying out this calculation leads to a frequency of 535 THz. The final invention of green LED devices paved the way for the creation of white LED light sources.
White LED Devices
White light consists of individual red, blue and green components, so it doesn't have a single wavelength or frequency. White LED devices have a mixture of the frequencies 474 THz, 535 THz and 638 THz. The development of white LED devices has led to less expensive, energy-efficient lighting that can be used in a variety of settings, from street lamps to desk lights. The introduction of LED based communications in combination with electromagnetic frequencies promises an entirely new generation of intelligent, dynamic sensors, laying a new foundation for the internet of “things” and the internet of “food.”
Combinations of Sound and Light Therapy For Grows:
Light therapy, especially in the right wavelengths, could be one of the most well-researched and effective performance enhancers currently available to growers. And this well researched performance enhancement only seems to confirm the new discoveries in 2019 / 2020 regarding AGROSONICS appear to correlate sound to the very same driving mechanisms responsible for photosynthesis.
AGROSONICS appears not only to produce similar results that are established by light therapies; but also, even more significantly profound effects. One of the most talked about and now being highly studied effects of AGROSONICS is the reports that in certain grows plants are exhibiting Sonotropic behavior. Sonotropic behavior is the result of plants growing toward sound. Yes, that’s right. Plants actually preferring combinations of certain sonic frequencies over light.
The very hint and implication of Sonotropic behavior being observed in plants may signal entirely new directions unimagined in agriculture. It means that that the status quo’s long held views toward nourishment and growing must be re-thought and re-considered. AGROSONICS has the potential to revolutionize not only the hemp and cannabis industry, but also all agriculture. AGROSONICS may become one of the most significant agribusiness tools to help accelerate cash-crop returns on investment and enhance or protect shareholder value.
On a wider scale, AGROSONICS could change not only how we rethink the very basics of photosynthesis, but also, help us realize that the continuum of visible and invisible light spectrums must now necessarily include the audible and inaudible sound as. Well as sub and hypersonic spectrums. In fact, all electromagnetic bands that comprise and make up the very energy and matter of our universe should be conceded to contributing and supporting growth and life. Such a wider view agriculture may help us eliminate world hunger, starvation and lead supplanting “sustainable” to a new paradigm of thriveable opportunities for agribusiness.
For example, applied to Cannabis, the core wavelength frequency of 650 nm may prove to be one of the very best mechanisms for plant cellular mitochondrial support. Moreover, 650 nm has also been clinically shown to be an overall metabolic enhancements driver for nearly all plants. Similarly, AGROSONICS is already demonstrating yield enhancements in certain crops surpassing 50% to 100% increases. AGROSONICS appears to provide frequencies that directly support mitochondrial and metabolic functions within plant cells even more significantly than 650 nm red light therapies alone. In fact, the results of AGROSONICS suggest that the proprietary sonic frequencies have reaching effects far greater than any other kind of support system: from nutrition, soils, lighting, etc.
It has already been established that 650 nm has incredible benefits to photosynthesis, especially for chlorophylls necessary and supporting germinations, sprouts and flowering. But 650 nm LEDs coupled with AGROSONICS may be prove to be yet another pioneering discovery of agriculture for further increases of plant yields, vitamins, minerals, beneficial oils and perhaps more importantly, better assimilation and nutrition of the plant products in humans.
The frequency of 650 nm in humans and mammals is well studied and has many known health benefits that are believed have counterparts in botany and plant cells. Some of these benefits includes but it is not limited to, increased and optimized performance of plant vascular networks, anti-aging, increased yields and defense against pests and pathogens.
With established data supporting anti-inflammatory and metabolic cellular enhancements, it is may be logical to suggest that 650 nm applied may also drastically reduce incidence of hermaphroditism on hemp and cannabis. Certainly, there is no disadvantages to using 650 nm light therapy. Further, using 650 nm in combination with AGROSONICS, may actually produce even healthier, less stressful plants with increasing production of valuable cannabinol products.
This includes potential potency especially of CBD G, CBD N among other hitherto for and as yet undiscovered molecular combinations enhanced by 650 nm spectrum when properly combined with AGROSONICS.
Red and Near Infrared Light Therapy
The red and near infrared light therapy centered around 650 nm is where Researchers should become especially excited.
Not all light is created equal and this is especially true when it comes to the human body. Blue light is great for entering our eyes and helping program our master clock, but red and near infrared light are effective for optimizing our performance beyond the norm.
The red and near infrared light spectrum are important because they are scientifically proven to be the best in activating cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) in the mitochondria.
This increases ATP production (energy) by the mitochondria, which gives our cells more energy. While the mechanisms are slightly different, these light wavelengths provide mitochondrial support similar to creatine monohydrate, CoQ10 and PQQ.
Here is a graph showing the spikes in CCO activation specifically in the mid-600 nm to low-to-mid-800 nm range (red and near infrared).
Light helps stimulate the formation of ATP (energy). It’s like our own human version of photosynthesis! Imagine what this does for photosynthesis directly. Again, AGROSONICS frequencies appear to even more significantly drive these mechanisms in plants, to significant advantage, than 650 nm alone.
Benefits of Photobiomodulation
By increasing CCO and mitochondrial energy production, there are a number of downstream effects. Almost, if not all, benefits of photobiomodulation revolve around this major advantage.
Cognitive Enhancement – while less studied than some of the other photobiomodulation benefits, there is ample evidence to suggest substantial cognitive enhancement through light therapy. A 2017 study in Photomedicine and Laser Surgery showed that near infrared light therapy could increase reaction time with no adverse side effects.
Red Light and Vegetative Growth
Red light fits with the absorption peak of chlorophylls, which do photosynthesis to produce sugars and carbons. Sugars and carbons are essential for plant growth, as they are the building blocks for plant cells. For this reason, red light increases photosynthesis rate and plant size.
Reduced Inflammation – inflammation is one of the scourges of physical and mental performances in humans. The equivalent in plant biology cannot be underestimated. 650 nm light perhaps is responsible for triggering swifter immunological responses to stress and infection, attacks by pests and intrusions by other plants and animals.
Similarly, the lack of 650 nm light can trigger greater inflammations, reduced plant vitality, lower cellular metabolic functions, greater stress, and for cannabis and hemp that translates into lower yields and increasing propensity for hermaphroditism — the dreaded “hermies.”
Moreover, as we have hypothesized, and now appears confirmed, plants have an incredibly well developed communications system. Plants exposed to 650 nm appear to develop better communications systems both intra-plant and extra/inter-plant and are therefore significantly better equipped to thrive.
Studies of plants lacking 650 nm are likewise found to have poorer communications networks and are weaker by comparison by a statistically significant factor. More importantly, the ATP drivers in plant fiber and fluids, are more readily absorbable in humans, often reaching 90% or more than man-made supplements.
By extension, CBD, THC, hemp oils and other derived products seem to have may correlations to benefits similarly responsible to certain kinds of benefits and enhancements often clinically shown associated with frequencies centered in or around 650 nm.
For example, inflammations responsible for and contributes to human pain, brain fog, and a host of other chronic diseases have the similar associations in the plant kingdom. In plants, Using or augmenting 650 nm frequencies to reduce stress and inflammations in plants is not only a logical, but beneficial conclusion for modern grows. Again AGROSONICS seems to produce significant influence in plant cells in reducing inflammations and infections resulting from clones, grafting and cuttings.
The most insidious aspect of inflammation in both plants and humans is that we can survive, but not thrive. It is possible for humans to speak out in voice, but plants cannot. Other indicators must be used to see the wholesale benefits of 650 nm and AGROSONICS therapies for plants, especially cannabis and hemp. It should be emphasized, that it is not unreasonable to hypothesize that these therapies will carry forth beyond the enhancements in the plant and may be effectively and efficiently transferred to humans and mammals upon consumption.
Below is a side by side comparison of Avocado with AGROSONICS and without begun in 2012. Seven years later, the comparisons are dramatic. The Control is an average, eight foot tall avocado tree (foreground), circumference about 12 inches, leaves 3-5 inches in length; But those exposed to AGROSONICS are now approximately a 30 foot mature Avocado tree, equivalent to 20 year or more growth, producing fruit since year two, with a base circumference of over 30 inches, leaves 8 – 12 inches and covered with “super-cluster” flowers.
Without AGROSONICS
With AGROSONICS:
Cannabis exposed to AGROSONICS in Maui Hawaii reported to exhibit Sonotropic behavior, were more fragrant, with higher oil content, healthier plant and leaves, with larger flowers.
Why Is the Reduction of Inflammations and “Pain” Important?
One of the chief reasons CBD, Hemp, THC, etc. are being purchased is for the reduction of inflammations and pain. Better understanding the driving cellular metabolic factors in human cells as well as in plant cells is very important.
It is well established that applying direct red and infrared light to an inflamed area (i.e: injury) has incredible beneficial effects. Similarly, the application of sound waves and vibrations, including ultrasonics therapies have been shown to significantly accelerate and enhance healing. But what is less well known, but equally well established is the enhancing benefits of 650 nm frequencies to overall metabolism in humans and most certainly in plants.
The extra, and simple application of 650 nm light and by association, AGROSONICS frequencies of sound and vibrations, not only positively enhances oxygenation, optimizing oxygen/carbon exchanges as well as dilations (higher fluid capacities and flows) of vascular networks.
One study showed reduced numbers of pro-inflammatory cytokines (like TNF-a) after only 30 minutes.
On average the inflammatory markers fell by 34, 12, and 1.5 times the normal amount. The red and near infrared therapy seems to really move the needle in terms of inflammation (these aren’t trivial amounts).
Anti-Aging – Plant Cells vs Human Cells; Correlations Are Not Trivial
Anti-Aging – time takes a toll on us all, but red and near infrared light therapy can significantly reverse aging, especially for plants: skin, leaves, stems, bark, and prolonging flowering.
On skin, one study showed using 20 minutes of 650 nm light (red and near infrared light therapy) could improve skin tone in 91% of subjects vs controls. Another study showed that red and near infrared light therapy stimulated collagen and other markers associated with metabolic productions needed to reduce aging skin. The epidermal (skin) rejuvenating benefits of red light therapy has often been associated with a “female” trait or characteristic. So, 650 nm again appears highly beneficial for enhancing cannabis.
Reducing Stress and Reduce the Incidence of Hermaphroditism
Female plants are desired for cannabis and hemp production where the grows are typically accomplished by monocropping. As previously discussed, indoor grows typically utilize artificial lighting, but that’s not all. Indoor grows also use non-natural heating and air conditioning, timed watering and highly regulated nutritional supplementations. All of these environmental factors are designed to simulate natural conditions but under controlled circumstances. However these environmental factors coupled with the removal of male plants from grows creates a synthetic and highly stressful setting. This situation creates exactly the eco-unfriendly scenario ripe for hermaphroditism.
AGROSONICS appears to reduce the stress and inflammations similar to 650 nm and infrared therapies are therefore highly beneficial for reducing conditions prone to creating “hermies.”
AGROSONICS, Red Light and Flowering
When it comes to growing cannabis, many cultivators are most interested in the flowering stage. This is where AGROSONICS again performs in important ways, emphasizing that the quality of sound and vibration is equally if not more important that even light. AGROSONICS, similar to 650 nm red light impacts flowering in two ways. First, as we have established, sound and vibration are equally if not more important than light and 650 nm red light is highly important for photosynthesis. Second, by extension, both 650 nm red light and AGROSONICS are also important for flowering. Moreover, 650 nm red light mediates flowering time in some species and it can be assumed that sound and vibration likewise has similar beneficial effects.
The flowering process is resource-intensive, and there is a strong positive correlation between plant size (i.e., vegetative growth) and bud size. Therefore, a plant with high photosynthetic rates will accumulate more resources and have an increased or more optimized metabolic / mitochondrial efficiencies that later allow it to produce large, dense flowers.
In order to have a high yield, it is important that a cannabis plant is provided with high amounts of 650 nm red light during the vegetative stage. And as we have recognized the sound and vibration of AGROSONICS can contribute an equal if not primary role. Given the potential of AGROSONICS’ beneficial Sonotropic characteristics, a significant positive impact that can also affect the timing of flowering, the number of flowers, and the size of flowers appears to be the result.
In Conclusion
AGROSONICS appears not only to produce similar results that are established by light therapies; but also, even more significantly profound effects including Sonotropic behavior -- plants growing toward sound. AGROSONICS performs in important ways, emphasizing that the quality of sound and vibration play an important role in the overall process of photosynthesis, more than previously imagined. Results include significant increases in yield, stronger, healthier plants, earlier germinations, swifter immunological responses to stress and infection. It is believed that the plants exposed to AGROSONICS are stronger and thus able to defend against attacks by pests and intrusions by other plants and animals.
AGROSONICS may reduce inflammations associated with clones, graft, and cuttings. The reduction of stress and increases in cellular vascular fluid flow and carbon / oxygen exchanges translates into increased plant vitality, optimized and more efficient cellular metabolic functions, and less stress.
For cannabis and hemp that translates into higher yields and less opportunity for hermaphroditism — the dreaded “hermies.” AGROSONICS also appears to reduce the stress and inflammations similar to 650 nm and infrared therapies. For growers relying on artificial lighting, especially those so-called “grow” lights using sodium vapor spectrums, AGROSONICS with its built in 650 nm microburst red LED light should be used to increase photosynthesis, plant size and of course, to help increase yields.
Sound waves as a plant stimulant and protectant. Artificial sound treatment can elicit various effects in plants. First, enhancement of seed germination and plant growth. Sound promotes plant growth by regulating the plant growth hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (Bochu et al., 2004; Ghosh et al., 2016). Second, induction of plant defense responses against pathogens. Sound pretreatment enhances plant immunity against subsequent pathogen attacks by activating the plant defense hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) (Hassanien et al., 2014; Ghosh et al., 2016). Third, induction of abiotic stress tolerance. For instance, sound treatment triggers drought tolerance by changing the elasticity and flexibility of the cell wall, which affects the ability of plants to absorb water (Jeong et al., 2014). Fourth, perturbation of ripening. Sound treatment disrupts the ripening of tomato fruit. Ethylene production is delayed by down-regulation of ethylene biosynthesis and expression of signaling-related genes (Kim et al., 2015). Fifth, enhancement of the photosynthetic capacity. Sound treatment increases expression of photosynthesis-related genes, such as those encoding fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and the rubisco small sub-unit, and may induce CO 2 fixation (Jeong et al., 2008; Uematsu et al., 2012).
Credit: Beyond Chemical Triggers: Evidence for Sound-Evoked Physiological Reactions in Plants
TY - JOUR, AU - Jung, Jihye, AU - Kim, Seon-Kyu, AU - Kim, Joo Yeol, AU - Jeong, Mi-Jeong, AU - Ryu, Choong-Min, PY - 2018/01/30. Beyond Chemical Triggers: Evidence for Sound-Evoked Physiological Reactions in Plants, VL - 9. DO - 10.3389/fpls.2018.00025 JO - Frontiers in Plant Science
Other References
Mi-Jeong Jeong's research while affiliated with Institute of Agricultural Sciences 69 Publications:
https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/10410679_Mi-Jeong_...
Sound frequencies induce drought tolerance in rice plant
To test the sound’s effect on plant and its contribution in drought tolerance, plants were subjected to various sound frequencies for an hour. After 24 h sound treatment, plants were exposed to drought for next five days. During the experiment it was observed that sound initiated physiological changes showing tolerance in plant. Sound frequency with ≥0.8 kHz enhanced relative water content, stomatal conductance and quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) in drought stress environment. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in sound treated plant was declined compared to control. ThermaCAM (Infra-red camera) a software which was used to analyze the plant images temperature showed that sound treated plant and leaf had less temperature (heat) compared to control. The physiological mechanism of sound frequencies induce tolerance in rice plants are discussed.
Sound waves affect the total flavonoid contents in Medicago sativa, Brassica oleracea, and Raphanus sativus sprouts
Background: Sound waves are emerging as potential biophysical alternative to traditional methods for enhancing plant growth and phytochemical contents. However, little information is available on the improvement of the concentration of functional metabolites like flavonoids in sprouts using sound waves. In this study, different frequencies of sound wave with short and long exposure time were applied on three important sprout varieties to improve flavonoid content.
How do we know that plants listen: Advancements and limitations of transcriptomic profiling for the identification of sound-specific biomarkers in tomato
Sound vibration has been recently identified as an important physical trigger to elicit plant responses. Naturally occurring sound waves modulate diverse aspects of plant physiology, such as root growth, stress responses, and seed germination. However, it has been debated whether plants perceive artificially generated sound vibration and exhibit si...
Exploring the sound-modulated delay in tomato ripening through expression analysis of coding and non-coding RNAs
Background and Aims Sound is omnipresent in nature. Recent evidence supports the notion that naturally occurring and artificially generated sound waves induce inter- and intracellular changes in plants. These changes, in turn, lead to diverse physiological changes, such as enhanced biotic and abiotic stress responses, in both crops and model plants.
Beyond Chemical Triggers: Evidence for Sound-Evoked Physiological Reactions in Plants
Sound is ubiquitous in nature. Recent evidence supports the notion that naturally occurring and artificially generated sound waves contribute to plant robustness. New information is emerging about the responses of plants to sound and the associated downstream signaling pathways. Here, beyond chemical triggers which can improve plant health by enhancing plant growth and resistance, we provide an overview of the latest findings, limitations, and potential applications of sound wave treatment as a physical trigger to modulate physiological traits and to confer an adaptive advantage in plants. We believe that sound wave treatment is a new trigger to help protect plants against unfavorable conditions and to maintain plant fitness.
Sound waves increases the ascorbic acid content of alfalfa sprouts by affecting the expression of ascorbic acid biosynthesis-related genes
Previous studies have shown that sound wave treatment can affect the expression of plant genes and improve the growth. So, we investigated the ability of sound waves to increase AsA (l-ascorbic acid) content in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) sprouts in this study. Sprouts were exposed to a range of sound wave frequencies for two 1-h periods per day for various numbers of days. Most sound wave treated sprouts had a higher AsA content than untreated sprouts. In addition, the activity level of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme with potent antioxidative properties, was increased in sound wave-treated sprouts. The AsA content varied in response to sound wave treatment. Most processing conditions, including 500 and 1000 Hz, increased AsA content by 24–50%; however, some treatment conditions caused reduced AsA content during sprout growth. Furthermore, AsA content during sprout storage was increased by most sound wave treatment conditions, with 13–36% increases observed following 800 and 1000 Hz sound wave treatments compared to untreated sprouts. To investigate the mechanisms underlying changes in AsA content, we analyzed the expression levels of AsA biosynthesis-related genes. We found that several genes, including VTC1, VTC2, VTC4, GME, L-GalDH, GLDH, MDHAR, and DHAR1, displayed differential expression in response to sound wave treatment. Therefore, sound wave treatment may be a viable method for increasing the nutritional contents of sprouted vegetables. © 2017 Korean Society for Plant Biotechnology and Springer Japan KK
Science Report Positive regulatory role of sound vibration treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana against Botrytis cinerea infection
Sound vibration (SV), a mechanical stimulus, can trigger various molecular and physiological changes in plants like gene expression, hormonal modulation, induced antioxidant activity and calcium spiking. It also alters the seed germination and growth of plants. In this study, we investigated the effects of SV on the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Botrytis cinerea infection. The microarray analysis was performed on infected Arabidopsis plants pre-exposed to SV of 1000 Hertz with 100 decibels. Broadly, the transcriptomic analysis revealed up-regulation of several defense and SA-responsive and/or signaling genes. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of selected genes also validated the induction of SA-mediated response in the infected Arabidopsis plants pre-exposed to SV. Corroboratively, hormonal analysis identified the increased concentration of salicylic acid (SA) in the SV-treated plants after pathogen inoculation. In contrast, jasmonic acid (JA) level in the SV-treated plants remained stable but lower than control plants during the infection. Based on these findings, we propose that SV treatment invigorates the plant defense system by regulating the SA-mediated priming efect, consequently promoting the SV-induced resistance in Arabidopsis against B. cinerea.
Dorothy Retallack’s 1973 book, The Sound of Music and Plants
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